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南京海关轻工产品与儿童用品检测中心:气相色谱-质谱法测定纺织品与皮革制品中9种喹啉类化合物的残留量

  • 2026-02-04 19:47:31
南京海关轻工产品与儿童用品检测中心:气相色谱-质谱法测定纺织品与皮革制品中9种喹啉类化合物的残留量

气相色谱-质谱法测定纺织品与皮革制品中9种喹啉类化合物的残留量

陈山丹1 ,刘萍2,洪锦清1,张莉2,温雯2,施展2

1.南京海关轻工产品与儿童用品检测中心,江苏扬州 225000;2.江苏捷通检验认证有限公司,江苏扬州 225000 )

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-6145.2025.10.012

摘 要:建立气相色谱-质谱法同时测定纺织品和皮革制品中喹啉、异喹啉等9种喹啉类化合物残留量。采用DB-5MS毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm)分离,色谱柱初始温度为80 ℃,程序升温,以甲苯为溶剂超声提取,萃取温度为40 ℃,萃取时间为40 min,以外标法定量。9种化合物的质量浓度在0.05~5.0 mg/L内与对应的色谱峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数均不小于0.996,检出限为0.2~0.6 mg/kg,加标回收率为81.0%~100.7%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.88%~8.77% (n=6)。该方法操作简便快速,样品处理步骤简单,无需复杂净化过程,显著缩短了检测时间,适用于大批量样品的快速筛查,能够满足纺织品和皮革制品中喹啉、异喹啉等9种喹啉类化合物残留量的检测要求。
关键词:喹啉类化合物; 纺织品; 皮革制品; 气相色谱-质谱法
喹啉(氮杂萘)及其同分异构体异喹啉,是由苯环和杂环吡啶组成的芳香类化合物,具有显著的生物活性和化学稳定性。这类化合物及其衍生物在橡胶、印染、精细化工等领域应用广泛[1],尤其作为高效染色助剂在皮毛处理及纺织品印染工艺中发挥重要作用[2‒4],然而,其生产及使用过程中残留的喹啉类化合物可通过原料残留、副反应生成或工业添加等途径进入终产品,并伴随环境释放。研究表明,喹啉类化合物不仅具有一定的急性毒性(如呼吸道刺激、头晕、恶心等)[5‒6],更因其具有环境持久性、生物蓄积性及“三致”效应(致癌、致畸、致突变)被列为高风险污染物,其在环境介质(如土壤、水体)中的长期蓄积可破坏生态系统平衡,并通过食物链富集威胁人类健康,因此,国际社会对纺织品及皮革制品中喹啉类物质的管控日趋严格,欧盟REACH法规、OEKO-TEX STANDARD 100及AFIRM等均将喹啉限量设定为50 mg/kg,欧洲化学品管理局(ECHA)更将其归入致癌、致突变或致生殖毒性(CMR)物质清单,凸显该类化合物风险管控的必要性。我国现行检测标准GB/T 31531—2015《染料及纺织染整助剂产品中喹啉的测定》、SN/T 5429—2022《进出口纺织品喹啉类化合物的测定》分别采用GC-FID和GC-MS技术测定纺织品中喹啉类物质,定量限范围为1.0~10 mg/kg。然而现有方法多聚焦于单一或少数目标物(如喹啉或异喹啉),难以满足复杂基质中多组分同时测定的需求。目前,针对喹啉类化合物的分析方法主要包括高效液相色谱(HPLC)法[7‒8]、气相色谱(GC)法[9]、分光光度(UV)法[10],气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法[11‒13],以及液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)法[14‒15]。其中,GC-MS技术作为目前比较成熟的检测手段,兼具高效分离与准确鉴定的优势,特别适用于复杂基质中杂环化合物的定性与定量分析。笔者针对纺织品与皮革制品中喹啉类化合物的检测需求,系统优化萃取溶剂、提取时间等样品处理参数,首次建立了基于气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)同时测定9种喹啉类化合物的分析方法,突破了传统方法仅针对单一或少数目标物的局限,显著缩短检测时间,适用于大批量样品的快速筛查,能够满足纺织品和皮革制品中喹啉类化合物的检测需求。

1实验部分

1.1主要仪器与试剂

气相色谱-质谱仪:Agilent 8890B-5977型,配7693A型自动进样器,美国安捷伦科技有限公司。
超声波发生器:Elma120H型,德国Elma公司。
微孔滤膜:13 mm×0.22 µm有机微孔滤膜,天津津腾实验设备有限公司。
喹啉、异喹啉、2-甲基喹啉、4-甲基喹啉、6-甲基喹啉、6-异丙基喹啉、2,4-二甲基喹啉、2,6-二甲基喹啉、苯并[h]喹啉单组分标准品:纯度(质量分数)均大于99.0%,批号分别为2100103、2201842、K0810005、06470003、J2210573、C2214110、06440005、05130005、15540009,上海安谱璀世标准技术服务有限公司。
甲醇、正己烷、甲苯、乙酸乙酯:均为色谱纯,上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司。
纺织品材料:聚酯(涤纶)贴衬织物、聚丙烯腈(腈纶)贴衬织物、棉贴衬织物、粘胶纤维贴衬织物、聚酰胺(锦纶)贴衬织物、毛贴衬织物,上海纺织工业技术监督所。
皮革制品:头层牛皮、二层牛皮、猪皮、羊皮、兔皮、鳄鱼皮,市售。

1.2仪器工作条件

1.2.1色谱仪
色谱柱:DP-5MS毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm,美国安捷伦科技有限公司);载气:高纯氦气,流量为1.2 mL/min;进样口温度:260 ℃;程序升温:初始温度为80 ℃,以15 ℃/min升温至150 ℃,保持1 min,以30 ℃/min升温至280 ℃,保持5 min;进样方式:分流进样,分流比5∶1;进样体积:1 μL。
1.2.2质谱仪
电子轰击离子源(EI);电离能量:70 eV;离子源温度:230 ℃;四极杆温度:150 ℃;传输线温度:250 ℃;全扫描模式定性和选择离子扫描模式定量。各喹啉类化合物质谱参数见表1

表1喹啉类化合物的保留时间、定性离子、定量离子Tab.1Retention timesqualitative ionsand quantitative ions of quinoline compounds

1.3实验步骤

1.3.1标准溶液配制
单组分标准储备液:分别准确称取适量喹啉、异喹啉等标准品,用甲苯溶解,配制成质量浓度约为1 000 μg/mL的单组分标准储备液,于4 ℃避光密闭保存。
混合标准中间溶液:准确移取适量各单组分标准储备液于同一10 mL棕色容量瓶中,用甲苯稀释,配制成各组分质量浓度均为50 μg/mL的混合标准中间溶液。
系列混合标准工作溶液:分别准确移取一定体积混合标准中间液于10 mL容量瓶中,用甲苯依次稀释成各组分质量浓度均分别为0.05、0.1、0.2、0.5、1、2、5 μg/mL的系列混合标准工作溶液。
1.3.2样品测定
将样品剪碎至2 mm×2 mm以下尺寸,准确称取1.0 g (精确至0.1 mg),置于具塞玻璃瓶中,加入10 mL甲苯,于40 ℃超声萃取40 min,溶液经0.22 µm微孔滤膜过滤,作为样品溶液。在1.2仪器工作条件下,分别测定系列标准工作溶液和样品溶液,以目标物的质量浓度为横坐标,对应的色谱峰面积为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线,以外标法定量。

2结果与讨论

2.1气相色谱柱的选择

不同极性的有机物在固定相上不断吸附、解吸以达到分离的效果,因此,色谱柱的极性对目标物的检测结果影响较大。针对喹啉的结构和性质,分别考察了Agilent HP-17MS柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.15 μm)、HP-WAX柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.50 μm)、Agilent DB-5MS柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm) 3种不同极性的色谱柱对9种喹啉类化合物的分离效果,结果如图1所示。由图1可以看出,在其他参数相同的情况下,使用HP-17MS色谱柱时,前几种目标物保留时间过于集中,喹啉和异喹啉两种同分异构体不能得到有效分离,苯并[h]喹啉保留时间在14.3 min左右,与前面色谱峰差距5 min;使用HP-WAX时,目标物保留时间集中在9~13 min,该色谱柱最高耐温230 ℃,随着柱温升高基线发生漂移,出峰效果不理想;使用DB-5MS色谱柱时,出峰较早,峰形最好,响应值较高。综合考虑,选择DB-5MS色谱柱作为9种喹啉类化合物的检测分析柱。
图1不同极性色谱柱对目标物的分离色谱图Fig.1Separation chromatogram of target compounds on different polar chromatographic columns

2.2柱温的选择

气相色谱分析中,目标物的色谱峰面积和分离度受多种因素影响,包括进样口温度、载气流量和柱温箱升温程序等参数。为优化色谱条件,采用单因素试验设计,在保持其他参数恒定的前提下,系统考察了柱温箱初始温度对目标物分离效果的影响。设置初始柱温分别为50、60、70、80、90、100 ℃,考察各个目标峰的分离度。结果表明,初始温度越低,各化合物分离度越高,但分析时间长,且后出峰组分出现明显拖尾现象,导致灵敏度下降;随着初始温度升高至80 ℃,分析时间提前,目标物的响应值达到最大;继续升高初始温度至100 ℃,虽然分析时间进一步缩短,但部分目标物的分离度显著降低,且响应值也随之下降。综合考虑分离度、分析时间和检测灵敏度等关键参数,确定80 ℃为最佳初始柱温。同时,根据目标化合物的分子结构和沸点特性,将进样口温度优化为260 ℃,以确保样品充分气化而不发生热分解。这一优化条件在保证各目标物良好分离的前提下,显著提高了分析效率和检测灵敏度。

2.3提取方式选择

目前纺织品和皮革制品中有毒有害物质的提取方法主要有索氏提取法、机械振荡法、超声波辅助提取法等,考察了不同提取方式对喹啉类化合物萃取效率的影响。准确称取一定量的涤纶、腈纶、棉等6种纺织品贴衬和头层牛皮、二层牛皮、猪皮等6种阴性皮革样品,分别置于不同烧杯中,均加入1 mg/L的混合标准工作溶液,超声1 h以帮助目标物吸附于样品,置于通风橱中,待溶剂完全挥发取出,作为阳性样品,各组分质量分数均为10 mg/kg。在相同测试条件下,对阳性样品使用甲苯作为溶剂,并分别选择常温超声波提取1 h,常温振荡1 h,索氏提取4 h,结果如图2所示。由图2可见,超声提取法和索氏提取法对目标物的提取效率均较为理想,振荡萃取效率相对较低;索氏萃取比较完全但存在提取时间过长、有机溶剂消耗量大等局限性。相比之下,超声提取设备具有设备简单、操作便捷、可同时处理多个样品等优势,且提取时间短,溶剂用量少。基于上述比较分析,并综合考虑实验室设备条件和实验效率,最终选择超声波辅助提取法作为目标物的提取方法。
图2不同提取方式下喹啉类化合物的提取效率Fig. 2Extraction efficiency of quinoline compounds with different extraction methods

2.4提取溶剂的选择

考察了甲苯、正己烷、乙酸乙酯和甲醇4种常见有机溶剂对喹啉类物质提取效率的影响。准确称取1 g阳性样品于具塞玻璃瓶中,分别加入10 mL正己烷、乙酸乙酯、甲醇和甲苯4种提取溶剂,按照1.3.2方法进行提取和分析,结果见表2。由表2可知,在纺织样品中,甲醇和甲苯的提取效率显著优于正己烷和乙酸乙酯;对于皮革样品,甲苯的提取效率高于甲醇,综合考虑,选择甲苯为提取溶剂。

表2喹啉类化合物在不同溶剂时的质量分数测定值Tab. 2Detection value of mass fraction of quinoline compands using different extraction solventsmg/kg )

2.5萃取条件的优化

超声萃取的效率主要受萃取温度、萃取时间等参数的影响。在固定超声功率的条件下,考察超声温度和萃取时间对各材质样品中目标物萃取效率的影响。以2.3节制备的阳性样品为研究对象,通过测试目标物回收率评估萃取效果,结果如图3所示。由图3可见,在相同萃取时间(30 min)条件下,目标物萃取效率随温度升高呈现先增后降的趋势。当温度达到40 ℃时,各材质样品的目标物回收率均达到最大值;温度继续升高至60 ℃时,回收率呈现缓慢下降趋势,这可能是由于高温导致部分目标物发生热降解所致,因此,确定超声萃取温度为40 ℃。
图3不同萃取温度时喹啉类化合物的萃取效率Fig. 3Extraction efficiency of quinoline compounds at different extraction temperatures
在萃取温度40 ℃下,进一步考察萃取时间分别为30、40、50、60 min时目标物的萃取效率,结果如图4所示。由图4可见,当萃取时间达到40 min时,6种纺织品贴衬和6种皮革样品中目标物平均萃取效率均达到很高的数值,继续延长萃取时间时,回收率未见显著提升。考虑到长时间超声可能导致目标物结构不稳定或发生转化,同时兼顾效率,选择超声萃取时间为40 min。这一优化条件可在保证萃取完全性的同时有效避免目标物的潜在降解风险。
图4不同萃取时间时的萃取效率Fig. 4Extraction efficiency at different extraction time

2.6专属性

在优化后的仪器工作条件下,9种喹啉类化合物均实现了基线分离(分离度R>1.5),其标准溶液、空白样品、样品加标溶液的色谱图如图5所示。由图5可见,空白样品在目标物出峰位置未观察到明显干扰峰,表明该方法专属性良好,具有良好的选择性。
图5标准样品、空白样品、加标样品色谱图Fig. 5Standard samples, blank samples, spiked sample chromatograms

1—喹啉; 2—异喹啉; 3—2-甲基喹啉; 4—4-甲基喹啉;5—6-甲基喹啉; 6—6-异丙基喹啉; 7—2,4-二甲基喹啉;8—2,6-二甲基喹啉; 9—苯并[h]喹啉

2.7线性方程和方法检出限、定量限

在1.2仪器工作条件下,对喹啉类化合物质量浓度为0.05~5.0 mg/L内的系列混合标准工作溶液进行测定,以各组分的质量浓度为横坐标,与其对应的峰面积为纵坐标绘制标准曲线。以阴性样品为基质,加入不同浓度的上述两种目标物的混合标液,考察仪器响应的信噪比,以3倍信噪比所对应的目标物浓度为检出限,10倍信噪比所对应的目标物浓度为定量限,以取样质量为1 g,定容体积为10 mL计,换算为质量分数。线性范围、线性方程、相关系数、检出限和定量限见表3。由表3可知,各组分的质量浓度与色谱峰面积之间呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均不小于0.996,检出限为0.2~0.6 mg/kg。

表3方法线性方程、相关系数、检出限、定量限Tab. 3Method linear equationscorrelation coefficientsdetection limitsand quantification limits

2.8方法精密度及样品加标回收试验

按照试验方法对阴性样品进行加标回收试验,选取不同材质的贴衬织物和皮革样品,共12种试样进行分析,加标质量浓度为0.4、1.0、4.0 mg/L,每个添加水平重复测定6次,计算平均回收率和测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD),见表4表5。由表4表5可知,3个浓度水平在12种材质上的平均加标回收率为81.0%~100.7%,RSD为0.88%~8.77%。

表4纺织品加标回收试验结果(n=6)Tab. 4Results of spiked recovery rates and precision for textiles (n=6)

表5皮革加标回收试验结果(n=6)Tab. 5Results of spiked recovery rates and precision for leather (n=6)

3结语

建立了气相色谱-质谱法同时测定纺织品和皮革制品中喹啉、异喹啉等9种喹啉类化合物残留量的分析方法,填补了该领域多组分同步检测的技术空白,通过对提取溶剂、提取方式、萃取时间、萃取温度等关键参数进行系统优化,确定了最佳实验条件。该方法具有操作简便、分析快速、灵敏度高等特点,可满足纺织品和皮革制品中喹啉类化合物残留量的检测要求。其良好的通用性和可靠性为其他产品中类似物质的检测提供了可靠的技术参考。然而,对于某些复杂基质的样品,仍需进一步开发更高效的样品前处理方法(如QuEChERS或固相微萃取)以降低基质干扰;同时,探索更高灵敏度的检测技术(如气相色谱-串联质谱法,GC-MS/MS)将有助于提高方法的检测性能,为痕量分析提供更可靠的技术支持。

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Determination of residual amount of 9 quinoline compounds in textiles and leather products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

CHEN Shandan1 ,LIU Ping2,HONG Jinqing1,ZHANG Li2,WEN Wen2,SHI Zhan2

1.Nanjing Customs District Light Industry Products and Children's Products Inspection Center, Yangzhou 225000, China;2.Jiangsu Jietong Certification Co., Ltd, Yangzhou 225000, China )

Abstract: A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was established for the simultaneous determination of nine quinoline compounds, including quinoline and isoquinoline, in textiles and leather products. The analytical conditions and sample pretreatment parameters were optimized as follows: an DB-5MS capillary column (30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm) was used for separation with an initial column temperature of 80 ℃; toluene was selected as the extraction solvent, and ultrasonic extraction was at 40 ℃ for 40 min; quantification was performed by the external standard method. For the nine target compounds, a good linear relationship was observed between their mass concentrations (ranging from 0.05 mg/L to 5.0 mg/L) and the corresponding chromatographic peak areas, with correlation coefficients all not less than 0.996. The limits of detection were 0.20 to 0.6 mg/kg. The spiked recovery rates varied from 81.0% to 100.7%, and the relative standard deviations of the determination results of 5 parallel samples at each level were 0.88% and 8.77%. The method is simple and rapid, and the sample processing steps are simple. It does not require a complex purification process, which significantly shortens the detection time. It is suitable for rapid screening of large quantities of samples, and it can meet the detection requirements of 9 quinoline compounds such as quinoline and isoquinoline in textiles and leather products.
Keywords: quinoline compoundstextilesleather productsgas chromatography-mass spectrometry

引用本文:陈山丹,刘萍,洪锦清,等 . 气相色谱-质谱法测定纺织品与皮革制品中9种喹啉类化合物的残留量[J]. 化学分析计量,2025,34(10): 81.(CHEN Shandan, LIU Ping, HONG Jinqing, et al. Determination of residual amount of 9 quinoline compounds in textiles and leather products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Chemical Analysis and Meterage, 2025, 34(10): 81.)

通讯作者:陈山丹,硕士研究生,高级工程师,主要研究方向为轻工产品、儿童用品、化妆品中有毒有害物质检测

基金信息:南京海关科研项目(2023KJ35)

中图分类号:O657

文章编号:1008-6145(2025)10-0081-08

文献标识码:A

收稿日期:2025-06-18

出版日期:2025-10-20

网刊发布日期:2025-11-03

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000556s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=b460;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000876s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.001119s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000253s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000491s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000192s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000487s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 475164 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000577s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1770242542 WHERE `id` = 475164 [ RunTime:0.016729s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 65 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.006381s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 475164 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.012176s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 475164 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000646s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 475164 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.000627s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 475164 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.018967s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 475164 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.001450s ]
0.153174s