让世界听懂家乡文博|南京科举博物馆——英述南都万卷章,雅韵赓续脉

      《绘图注释神童诗》展品为清代刊行的童蒙读物，但其文化源远流长。书中核心的《神童诗》相传源于北宋神童汪珠九岁时的诗作，后经宋元明历代增补成集，至清代配以插图和注解，成为流行的启蒙课本。

      书名中“神童”指天资聪颖的早慧儿童。此书内容与科举“童试”紧密相关。童试是科举的起点。封面上“天子重英豪，文章教尔曹。万般皆下品，唯有读书高。少小须勤学，文章可立身。满朝朱紫贵，尽是读书人”等诗句，正是对学童最直接的劝学与激励，宣扬“学而优则仕”的思想。这本清代教材是科举文化延续数百年的重要见证。它承载着源自宋代的劝学传统，体现了科举制度下，社会如何通过教育从孩童时期起灌输与塑造读书应试的价值观。

      Poems by Prodigies with Illustrated Pictures and Annotations is a primer published in the Qing Dynasty, yet its cultural origins trace back much further. The core verses, known as Poems by Prodigies, are traditionally attributed to the Northern Song child prodigy Wang Zhu, who composed them at the age of nine. Over subsequent dynasties—Song, Yuan, and Ming—the collection was expanded and revised, until the Qing edition, augmented with illustrations and commentaries, became a widely used elementary textbook.

      The term “prodigy” (shentong) in the title refers to gifted and precocious children. The content is closely linked to the “Apprentice Examination” (tongshi), the initial stage of the imperial examination system. The lines featured on its cover—“The emperor values heroes; / Through writings you are taught. / All trades are base and low; / Only reading is lofty. / In youth you must study hard; / With writing you establish and secure your future. / All those the high-ranking officials in crimson and purple robes at court / Are, without exception, learned men.”—serve as a direct exhortation to young learners, promoting the ideal that “He who excels in learning can be an official.”

      This Qing dynasty textbook stands as an important witness to the imperial examination culture that endured for centuries. Carrying forward the didactic tradition originating from the Song Dynasty, it exemplifies how society, under the imperial examination system, instilled and shaped the values of studying for examinations through education from early childhood.

       这座“科第世家”石牌坊是南京中国科举博物馆序厅的标志性展品。它是明代开国皇帝朱元璋赐给明代第一位状元吴伯宗的家族之物。“科第世家”，指一个家族世代有多人考取举人以上功名，并通过科举维系家族发展，是明清时期新兴官绅阶层的代表。

      吴伯宗家族便是典型：从南宋至明代，其曾祖、祖父、父亲、弟弟都曾获进士或举人功名。因此，这座牌坊是古代科举荣光与家族传承的实体象征。

      关于牌坊主人吴伯宗中状元，还有一个流传甚广的轶事：洪武四年（1371年）殿试时，主考官原定郭翀（或作郭冲）为第一名。但朱元璋召见时，认为郭翀相貌不佳，不适合代表国家出使他国。在接见所有进士时，朱元璋看中仪表堂堂、名字寓意也好的吴伯宗（“伯”有“第一”之意），遂钦点他为状元。

      This "Kedi Family" stone memorial archway is a signature exhibit in the Hall of Preface of the Nanjing China Imperial Examination Museum. It is a family monument bestowed by Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, upon Wu Bozong, the first Zhuangyuan of the Ming Dynasty.

      The term "Kedi Family" refers to a clan that had multiple members, over generations, attain the Ju Ren degree or higher in the imperial examinations. These families sustained their status through the examination system, representing the emerging gentry class during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

      The Wu Bozong family serves as a quintessential example. From the Southern Song Dynasty through the Ming Dynasty, Wu's great-grandfather, grandfather, father, and brother all achieved the Jinshi or Juren degree. Thus, this archway stands as a tangible symbol of the ancient imperial examination's glory and family lineage.

      Regarding the archway's honoree, Wu Bozong, a widely circulated anecdote exists about how he became the Zhuangyuan. In the 4th year of the Hongwu reign (1371), during the palace examination), the chief examiner initially ranked Guo Chong as the first. However, when Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang summoned him, he found Guo's appearance unimpressive and deemed him unsuitable for representing the empire on diplomatic missions. Upon interviewing all the Jinshi candidates, the emperor took a liking to Wu Bozong, who was handsome and whose given name "Bozong" bore auspicious connotations ("Bo" can mean "first" or "foremost"). Consequently, the emperor personally designated Wu Bozong as the Zhuangyuan.

      “武魁”是清代对武举乡试合格者（武举人）的誉称。获得此匾，意味着获得者已通过省级武举考试，取得了功名和进入仕途的重要资格。

      武举又称武科，是中国古代专为选拔武职人才而设置的科目。武举始于唐武则天长安二年(702)。北宋仁宗天圣七年(1029)重开武举，元代不设武举，明英宗天顺八年(1464)恢复武举考试。清代沿袭明制，建立较为完善的武举制度。光绪二十七年(1901)，清廷宣布武举停废。