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南京理工大学姜波/刘永焘 AOM:基于上转换纳米粒子的动态非线性分步光学饱和超分辨成像研究

  • 2026-02-20 01:16:09
南京理工大学姜波/刘永焘 AOM:基于上转换纳米粒子的动态非线性分步光学饱和超分辨成像研究

一、摘要

上转换纳米粒子(UCNPs)具有独特的非线性光学特性,为超分辨成像提供了强大能力。本研究利用掺杂镧系元素的UCNPs的动态非线性特性,提出了一种多阶动态非线性分步光学饱和(DN-SOS)图像扫描显微镜(ISM)技术,有效克服了传统ISM技术中的衍射极限。为了阐明在不同激发条件下UCNPs的非线性荧光行为,建立了完整的速率方程模型,并对荧光信号进行了泰勒展开,发现高阶项编码了用于提高分辨率的高空间频率信息。通过在图像采集过程中动态调制激发功率,捕获非线性荧光响应图像,并应用多图像加权有限差分法抑制泰勒展开中的低阶分量,从而提取高空间频率细节。尽管理论上可以实现无限分辨率提升,但实际性能受到信噪比(SNR)的限制。利用定制的共聚焦装置,采用980 nm激发激光和800 nm检测,我们展示了四阶DN-SOS成像,其横向分辨率约为130 nm,约为激发波长的八分之一。这相当于比衍射极限提高了三倍。该方法为点扫描系统中的超分辨成像提供了一种无需复杂同步方案的简单解决方案。

二、研究背景

上转换纳米粒子(UCNPs)因其独特的非线性光学性质,在超分辨成像领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。 UCNPs能够通过多光子吸收过程将低能量光子转换为高能量光子,实现从近红外到紫外光谱的发射,这一特性显著降低了背景散射,提高了信号与背景的比率。此外,UCNPs的发射强度与激发功率呈非线性依赖关系,这种动态可调性为捕捉亚衍射极限信息提供了可能,是显著增强分辨率能力的关键因素。

传统的超分辨荧光显微镜技术,如受激发射损耗显微镜(STED)和结构光照明显微镜(SIM),虽然能够实现超越衍射极限的分辨率,但往往需要复杂的光学配置,限制了其广泛应用。相比之下,图像扫描显微镜(ISM)作为一种线性超分辨荧光显微镜技术,通过简单地将标准共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(CLSM)中的点探测器替换为探测器阵列,实现了理论上的分辨率提升,同时保持了光子通量和灵敏度,显著提高了分辨率,使CLSM成为一种易于实现的超分辨成像解决方案。然而,ISM的分辨率提升仍受到衍射极限的限制。

三、研究内容

本研究利用UCNPs的独特非线性特性,开发了一种多阶动态非线性分步光学饱和(DN-SOS)图像扫描显微镜技术,旨在通过经济有效且直接的方法显著提升ISM的分辨率。研究首先建立了UCNPs的速率方程,并推导了荧光信号表达式,通过泰勒级数展开揭示了高阶项包含的高空间频率信息。在图像采集过程中,通过动态调制激发功率获得非线性荧光响应图像,并应用多图像加权有限差分法抑制泰勒展开中的低阶分量,从而提取高空间频率细节。该方法理论上具有无限分辨率提升的潜力,但实际效果受信噪比限制。研究利用定制共聚焦显微镜装置,在980 nm连续波激光激发和800 nm发射检测下,实现了四阶DN-SOS技术,分辨率超过衍射极限三倍,展示了UCNPs在推动材料科学发展和高分辨率点扫描成像技术应用方面的巨大潜力。

四、结果讨论

1. 多阶DN-SOS ISM原理与实现

  • 原理概述:多阶DN-SOS ISM技术通过动态调制激发功率,利用UCNPs的非线性荧光响应特性,捕获不同激发条件下的荧光图像。通过泰勒级数展开分析,发现高阶项包含高空间频率信息,对提升分辨率至关重要。

  • 实验装置:采用定制共聚焦显微镜装置,配备980 nm连续波激光器和800 nm检测器,实现了高信噪比的荧光信号采集。

  • 图像重建过程:通过扫描样品并系统选择像素组,利用自适应像素重新分配算法重建高分辨率图像。结合多阶DN-SOS处理,有效提取高空间频率信息,显著提升分辨率。

2. 实验验证与结果分析

  • 单UCNP成像:对单UCNP进行成像,验证了ISM相比传统荧光成像(FI)在分辨率和信噪比方面的优势,特别是在低功率条件下。

  • 分辨率提升:通过四阶DN-SOS处理,实现了约130 nm的横向分辨率,比衍射极限提高了三倍。实验结果与理论预测相符,验证了方法的有效性。

  • 细胞囊泡与微管模拟:对细胞囊泡和微管结构进行模拟成像,展示了DN-SOS方法在不同结构下的分辨率提升效果。随着DN-SOS阶数的增加,系统点扩散函数(PSF)逐渐减小,分辨率显著提高。

3. 实际应用与挑战

  • 相邻UCNP成像:对间距约445 nm的两个相邻UCNP进行成像,展示了DN-SOS技术在亚衍射极限距离分辨中的应用潜力。

  • 信噪比与阶数权衡:高阶DN-SOS需要更高的信噪比和精确的图像对齐,增加了系统稳定性和扫描速度的挑战。研究限制在四阶处理,以平衡分辨率提升和实际成像约束。

  • 未来优化方向:提出了增强UCNPs非线性阶数、结合其他超分辨技术、利用信噪比增强技术等优化方向,以进一步提升DN-SOS方法的分辨率。

五、总体结论

本研究提出并验证了一种基于UCNPs独特非线性光学特性的多阶动态非线性分步光学饱和(DN-SOS)图像扫描显微镜技术。通过构建完整的UCNPs速率方程并推导荧光信号表达式,揭示了高阶泰勒展开项包含的高空间频率信息对分辨率提升的关键作用。实验结果表明,该方法在定制共聚焦显微镜装置下实现了约130 nm的横向分辨率,比衍射极限提高了三倍。尽管面临信噪比和图像对齐等挑战,但通过优化UCNPs非线性响应、结合其他超分辨技术、提升图像质量等策略,DN-SOS方法有望进一步突破分辨率极限。本研究为点扫描成像技术的发展开辟了新途径,展示了UCNPs在推动材料科学和高分辨率成像技术应用方面的巨大潜力。

六、图文概览

Figure 1. Principles and implementation of multi-order DN-SOS ISM.

  • a) Schematic diagram of custom-designed confocal configuration.
  • b) Simplified energy level diagram and energy transfer process of the UCNPs (NaYF4:40%Yb3+,4%Tm3+) under 980 nm continuous-wave excitation.
  • c) Upconverted luminescence spectra of the UCNPs under both high and low excitation powers. The inset shows the TEM image of the UCNPs.
  • d) Experimentally measured nonlinear excitation-emission power dependence curve of a single UCNP at 800 nm (3H4→3H6) and the corresponding simulated full width at half maximum (FWHM) for the 800 nm emission of a single UCNP as a function of excitation intensity.
  • e) Schematic diagram illustrating the reconstruction process of fluorescence images in multi-order DN-SOS ISM.

Figure 2. The principles of multi-order DN-SOS ISM image formation and the dynamic nonlinear effects of UCNPs.

  • a) Schematic representation of multi-order DN-SOS ISM reconstruction. The 5×5 matrix consists of images acquired from distinct detector elements. The 25 images are aligned to the coordinate system via APR with distinct shift vectors (bottom-left).
  • b) The principle of ISM. The effective PSF (PSF eff) for ISM is the product of the excitation (PSF exc) and detection (PSF det) PSF.
  • c) Comparison of FI and ISM images of a single UCNP at different power levels (0.04 and 0.30 mW). FI: fluorescence image captured by the camera.
  • d) The dynamic nonlinearity of a single UCNP in the nonlinear region. The lower-right corner is the ISM image normalized by the maximum intensity of the ISM image under 0.30 mW excitation power. The scale bar is 250 nm.

Figure 3. Experimental validation of multi-order DN-SOS ISM imaging.

  • a) Relationship between fluorescence emission intensity and excitation intensity, with the corresponding image shown in Figure 2d. IFL: Fluorescence intensity, IINL: Ideal nonlinear response intensity.
  • b) Intensity profiles of a single UCNP in ISM images at 800 nm emission, captured under excitation powers of 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, and 0.08 mW.
  • c) At laser power of 0.04 mW, the intensity profile and FWHM of a single UCNP image, along with intensity profiles and corresponding FWHMs of 2nd-order, 3rd-order, and 4th-order DN-SOS images.
  • d) Resolution enhancement process of ISM through multi-order DN-SOS. The scale bar is 250 nm.

Figure 4. Simulation of cellular vesicles and microtubules resolution enhancement.

  • a) Simulated NM images of cellular vesicles under laser power of 0.20, 0.35, 0.44, and 0.52 mW.
  • b) Super-resolution images of cellular vesicles using the multi-order DN-SOS method (orders 2–4) for comparison.
  • c) Magnified views of the region highlighted by the white box in (a), demonstrating the improved resolution with increasing DN-SOS order.
  • d) Cross-sectional intensity distribution diagram extracted along the white dashed line in the magnified image (c) demonstrates the impact of increasing DN-SOS sequences on spatial resolution.
  • e) Comparison of ISM (F1) and F4-step images of microtubules.
  • f) Simulated ISM images of microtubules at laser power of 0.29, 0.36, 0.46, and 0.52 mW.
  • g–i) Super-resolution images of microtubules using DN-SOS at orders 2 (g), 3 (h), and 4 (i), showing progressive improvement in resolving fine structures.
  • j,k) Cross-sectional intensity profiles along the short-dashed (j) and long-dashed (k) lines in the magnified images (f), illustrating the enhancement in spatial resolution with increasing DN-SOS order. The scale bars are 600 nm (b,c) and 1200 nm (e,i).

Figure 5. Resolution enhancement of multi-order DN-SOS method demonstrated on adjacent nanoparticles and a UCNP siemens star pattern.

  • a) ISM images of two adjacent UCNPs (445 nm apart) at the 800 nm emission, obtained under 980 nm excitation with powers of 0.035, 0.045, 0.05, and 0.06 mW.
  • b) Comparison of FI and multi-order DN-SOS (orders 2–4) images for two adjacent UCNPs.
  • c) Cross-sectional intensity profile curves corresponding to the white-dashed line in (a).
  • d) ISM images of a UCNP siemens star pattern at the 800 nm emission, under 980 nm excitation with powers of 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, and 0.07 mW.
  • e) Comparison of FI and multi-order DN-SOS images (orders 2–4) for the UCNP siemens star pattern.
  • f) Cross-sectional intensity profile curves corresponding to the white-dashed line in (d). The scale bar is 500 nm.

七、作者信息

所有作者姓名:Hongmei Peng, Junhao Xu, Qiwen Tan, Yunfei Shang, Yu Huang, Chaohao Chen, Bo Jiang*Yongtao Liu*

通讯作者及其单位信息

Bo Jiang
School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China. E-mail: bjiang@njust.edu.cn
E-mail:bjiang@njust.edu.cn
Yongtao Liu
School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China. E-mail: yongtao.liu@njust.edu.cn
E-mail:yongtao.liu@njust.edu.cn

八、论文链接

https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202502210Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

九、版权声明

本文来源各大出版社论文数据库,版权归文章出版社所有;本文内容采用AI辅助整理生成,如有错漏请私信联系;本文仅用于学术分享,转载请注明出处;如需推广本人学术成果和商务合作请私信联系,若有错漏或侵权请私信联系删除或修改!

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000779s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=b460;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000830s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000865s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000940s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000644s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.002611s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000683s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 465178 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.003516s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1772076351 WHERE `id` = 465178 [ RunTime:0.006421s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 65 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002489s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 465178 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.005949s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 465178 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001143s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 465178 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.014352s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 465178 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.024237s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 465178 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.042706s ]
0.247331s