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PNAS封面 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所颜晓元团队:稻田氮气损失主要来自土壤而非当季化肥

  • 2026-05-09 15:52:44
PNAS封面 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所颜晓元团队:稻田氮气损失主要来自土壤而非当季化肥
近日，中国科学院南京土壤研究所颜晓元研究员团队联合国内外多家科研机构，在国际顶级期刊《美国国家科学院院刊》（PNAS）上发表重要研究成果。该研究首次在生长季尺度上直接证实，稻田系统中最大的气态氮损失途径—氮气（N2）排放，主要来源于土壤有机氮，而非长期认为的化肥氮，并提出“微生物氮泵”新机制，重塑了对稻田氮损失的传统认知。
水稻是全球过半人口的主粮，其生产高度依赖氮肥。当前，我国稻田氮肥施用量高，通常为每公顷200至300公斤，是日本、印度等主要产稻国的2至3倍，但氮肥利用率普遍不足40%，大量氮素以气体形式损失。其中，N2是损失量最大、却最难定量的氮素形态。由于大气中N2浓度高达78%，稻田释放的N2极易被淹没在背景信号中，传统方法难以区分其究竟来源于肥料还是土壤有机氮。
长期以来，学界普遍认为稻田N2排放主要来自施用的化肥氮，这一假设被广泛用于全球氮收支评估和模型模拟，但始终缺乏直接证据支撑。针对这一科学难题，研究团队创新性地将15N同位素示踪与膜进样质谱技术相结合，构建了稻田气态氮损失原位观测方法体系，首次实现了在完整水稻生长季内对N2、氨气（NH3）和氧化亚氮（N2O）排放的同步测定，并精准解析其来源。研究结果显示，稻田N2排放中有72%–75%来源于土壤有机氮，而非当季化肥氮，这一结论在长达14年的长期定位试验中得到独立验证。相比之下，NH3排放主要来源于化肥，N2O则由土壤和化肥共同贡献。研究还发现，N2与NH3排放在季节上呈现“跷跷板”效应：分蘖前期氮损失以NH3挥发为主，分蘖后期及穗肥期则转为N2排放主导。
图1 稻田氮气损失主要来自土壤有机氮而非当季化肥氮
在此基础上，研究团队提出“微生物氮泵”的新机制：施入土壤的尿素水解产生的铵态氮被微生物迅速同化，打破其体内碳氮平衡；为获取碳源，微生物加速分解本底土壤有机质，释放出大量土壤源的铵态氮，这些“老氮”随后通过硝化-反硝化作用转化为N2排放到大气中。
“换句话说，化肥并不是直接变成氮气，而是通过‘激活’土壤氮库，间接驱动了更大规模的氮损失。”研究人员解释。这一机制首次系统揭示了施肥、土壤有机氮矿化以及氮损失之间的关键耦合关系，为深入理解稻田氮循环过程提供了新的理论视角。
图2 微生物氮泵调控稻田氮素损失来源
在应用层面，研究进一步揭示了作物品种在调控氮损失中的潜力。与常规粳稻相比，杂交水稻通过提高植株氮吸收效率和微生物氮利用效率，在提高产量的同时将单位产量的气态氮损失降低约43%。这表明，通过品种优化与土壤—微生物过程协同调控，可在保障粮食高产的同时显著降低氮损失。
本研究从源头上推进对稻田气态氮损失机制的认识，明确了土壤有机氮在氮循环中的核心作用，并提出了“微生物氮泵”的新理论框架。研究成果对于完善农田氮收支模型、指导合理施肥与减排增效技术研发，以及推动农业绿色可持续发展，具有重要的科学价值和实践意义。
该研究以封面文章形式发表于PNAS，是该刊近20年来土壤养分循环领域少有的封面论文之一，体现了该成果在国际上的关注度和影响力。硕士研究生雷圆圆和助理研究员魏志军为论文第一作者，颜晓元研究员和夏龙龙研究员为通讯作者。研究得到了中国科学院战略先导项目、土壤与农业可持续发展全国重点实验室重大项目、江苏省杰出青年基金与江苏省土壤碳中和与气候变化应对试验设施等项目的联合资助。

论文链接:

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2603983123
来源 | 中国科学院南土所

Soil Environ. Health (SEH) 是浙江大学与Elsevier合作出版的全英文开放获取国际学术期刊。自2023年1月以来，期刊出版了来自20个国家的113篇优秀论文；期刊CiteScoreTracker 2025 为11.4，目前已被ESCI、DOAJ、Scopus和CAS数据库收录，2026年将获首个影响因子。

微信号 | SEH2023

Twitter｜@soileh2023

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000547s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=b460;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000698s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000276s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000278s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000505s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000229s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000597s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 546687 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000458s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1778925187 WHERE `id` = 546687 [ RunTime:0.004792s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 65 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000231s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 546687 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000461s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 546687 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000348s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 546687 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.002755s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 546687 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.000896s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 546687 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.005336s ]
0.085423s